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firealarmresources.com effectiveness of alarms (auditory, visual and tactile) adults who are hard of hearing Bruck1 and I. Thomas2 of Psychology University, Australia for Environmental Safety and Risk Engineering (CESARE) for the Fire Protection Research Foundation the 2006-2007 US Fire Administration Grant 2007 and adults who are hard of hearing of Contents of Tables …………………………………………………………………………………………………….4 of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………………………5 ……………………………………………………………………………………………6 Executive summary ……………………………………………………………………………………..7 Review of the Literature………………………………………………………………………………13 Fire fatality, smoke alarms, and sleep…………………………………………………………13 Prevalence and age distribution of the hard of hearing………………………………….14 Auditory emergency signals, sleep and the hard of hearing……………………………17 Non-auditory emergency signals and sleep …………………………………………………18 Aims, Research Questions and Design Issues………………………………………………23 Method …………………………………………………………………………………………………….27 Participants …………………………………………………………………………………………….27 Apparatus……………………………………………………………………………………………….29 Procedure ………………………………………………………………………………………………33 Data analysis ………………………………………………………………………………………….36 Results …………………………………………………………………………………………………….40 Hearing thresholds to auditory signals ………………………………………………………..40 Waking Scores………………………………………………………………………………………..41 Comparison of AWAKE and ASLEEP thresholds …………………………………………45 Signal Onset and Offset……………………………………………………………………………46 Sex differences ……………………………………………………………………………………….47 Age differences ……………………………………………………………………………………….47 Behavioural Response Time ……………………………………………………………………..49 Signal combinations…………………………………………………………………………………50 Sleep stage data: …………………………………………………………………………………….51 Alerting Devices Questionnaire………………………………………………………………..52 Discussion ………………………………………………………………………………………………..56 Responsiveness to different signals……………………………………………………………56 Signal onset versus signal onset………………………………………………………………..62 Sex and age differences …………………………………………………………………………..62 Behavioural Response Time ……………………………………………………………………..63 Signal combinations…………………………………………………………………………………63 Comparisons to field settings …………………………………………………………………….64 and adults who are hard of hearing Alerting Devices Questionnaire………………………………………………………………….65 Conclusions and Recommendations…………………………………………………………..66 References ……………………………………………………..
firealarmresources.com effectiveness of alarms (auditory, visual and tactile) adults who are hard of hearing Bruck1 and I. Thomas2 of Psychology University, Australia for Environmental Safety and Risk Engineering (CESARE) for the Fire Protection Research Foundation the 2006-2007 US Fire Administration Grant 2007 and adults who are hard of hearing of Contents of Tables …………………………………………………………………………………………………….4 of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………………………5 ……………………………………………………………………………………………6 Executive summary ……………………………………………………………………………………..7 Review of the Literature………………………………………………………………………………13 Fire fatality, smoke alarms, and sleep…………………………………………………………13 Prevalence and age distribution of the hard of hearing………………………………….14 Auditory emergency signals, sleep and the hard of hearing……………………………17 Non-auditory emergency signals and sleep …………………………………………………18 Aims, Research Questions and Design Issues………………………………………………23 Method …………………………………………………………………………………………………….27 Participants …………………………………………………………………………………………….27 Apparatus……………………………………………………………………………………………….29 Procedure ………………………………………………………………………………………………33 Data analysis ………………………………………………………………………………………….36 Results …………………………………………………………………………………………………….40 Hearing thresholds to auditory signals ………………………………………………………..40 Waking Scores………………………………………………………………………………………..41 Comparison of AWAKE and ASLEEP thresholds …………………………………………45 Signal Onset and Offset……………………………………………………………………………46 Sex differences ……………………………………………………………………………………….47 Age differences ……………………………………………………………………………………….47 Behavioural Response Time ……………………………………………………………………..49 Signal combinations…………………………………………………………………………………50 Sleep stage data: …………………………………………………………………………………….51 Alerting Devices Questionnaire………………………………………………………………..52 Discussion ………………………………………………………………………………………………..56 Responsiveness to different signals……………………………………………………………56 Signal onset versus signal onset………………………………………………………………..62 Sex and age differences …………………………………………………………………………..62 Behavioural Response Time ……………………………………………………………………..63 Signal combinations…………………………………………………………………………………63 Comparisons to field settings …………………………………………………………………….64 and adults who are hard of hearing Alerting Devices Questionnaire………………………………………………………………….65 Conclusions and Recommendations…………………………………………………………..66 References ……………………………………………………..